University of Kentucky College of Agriculture McSorley HJ et al. Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection. PLoS One. 2011 6(9):e24092.ENTFACT-613: Horsehair Worms | Download PDF by Lee Townsend, Extension Entomologist.
Giacomin P et al. Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2015 Feb 135(2):508-16. Croese J et al. Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease. Croese J et al. Changed gluten immunity in celiac disease by Necator americanus provides new insights into autoimmunity. Daveson AJ et al. Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease-a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial. PLoS One. 2011 Mar 8 6(3):e17366. University of Nebraska-Lincoln: What are Nematodes?. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Parasites-Hookworms. Cleveland Clinic: Parasitic Roundworm Diseases. Treatment typically lasts one to three days. Hookworms are treated with anthelminthic medications, such as albendazole and mebendazole. However, a heavy infestation can cause abdominal pain, appetite loss, weight loss and anemia. If you have a light infestation of hookworms, there are usually no symptoms. Then the hookworms ascend to the pharynx where it is swallowed and enters the digestive system, where it grows in the small intestines. Hookworms enter through the skin, usually the feet, and move through the veins to the heart and lungs. If the hookworms are found in large numbers in the human body, they can block the lymphatic system causing life-threatening edema. There are 576 to 740 million people in the world infected with hookworms, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2. Hookworm hosts on humans with its six sharp teeth and roundworms look similar to earth worms. The large numbers of worms in the nematode family make it nearly impossible to identify each species.
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